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Colpo di Stato in Ciad approvato e sostenuto da Macron con la richiesta di “attuare un processo democratico il più presto possibile”; “Colpo di Stato” in Mali condannato da Macron anche se è sostenuto da molte organizzazioni popolari maliane; manifestazioni e dichiarazioni politiche contro l’interferenza francese a Bamako, N’Djaména, Ouagadougou o Niamey, accusa pubblica del capo di Stato della Russia alla quale viene recriminato di “alimentare il sentimento antifrancese in Africa”, ecc.
L’imperialismo francese in Africa è innegabilmente in una sequenza storica di crisi. Nello stesso periodo, si sta svolgendo in Francia un processo di fascistizzazione che ho analizzato a lungo nei miei ultimi articoli (leggi gemelle liberticide sulla sicurezza globale e sul “separatismo”, lo spostamento del centro di gravità del discorso politico del ministro dell’Interno verso l’estrema destra, appello dei militari, manifestazioni della polizia davanti all’Assemblée Nationale, il moltiplicarsi di discorsi e analisi sul declino da scongiurare, ecc.).
Le due realtà esterne e interne sono raramente collegate nelle analisi politiche. La cecità nei confronti di questi legami è un ostacolo alla comprensione dei problemi e dei pericoli politici contemporanei in Francia.
Se tutti gli imperialismi, in quanto capitalismi che hanno raggiunto lo stadio del “dominio dei monopoli e del capitale finanziario” [1], possiedono dei caratteri invarianti (esportazione di capitale, preponderanza del capitale finanziario, ecc.), sono tuttavia ciascuno il risultato di una storia particolare che li specifica e li particolarizza.
Inoltre, sono tutti parte di un equilibrio globale di potere che deve essere preso in considerazione per capire le strategie e le politiche attuate. Alcune specificità dell’imperialismo francese sono, a mio avviso, da prendere in considerazione per comprendere l’attuale fase storica.
La massiccia collaborazione della classe dirigente francese con il nazismo mette quest’ultima in una situazione particolare al momento della Liberazione. Poteva sperare di recuperare e rimanere al potere solo facendo affidamento sul suo impero coloniale, che ha portato alla riconquista del Vietnam e alla sporca guerra che ne è seguita, ai crimini di massa del maggio 1945 in Algeria, alla lunga e barbara guerra in Algeria, ecc.
Tuttavia, questa riconquista era subordinata all’approvazione degli Stati Uniti, che divennero la potenza imperialista dominante e che logicamente condizionavano questa approvazione alla dipendenza economica e militare.
Questo porterà al Piano Marshall, una delle cui condizioni è la messa in moto della costruzione europea che Washington vuole integrare per isolare l’Unione Sovietica.
Strutturalmente indebolita, la classe dirigente francese fu costretta ad accettare questa posizione di “imperialismo secondario”. È quindi con la benedizione della NATO che la Francia conduce le guerre in Vietnam, Algeria, Camerun, ecc.
Questo non significa che la classe dirigente francese abbia rinunciato a diventare di nuovo una potenza imperialista di primo piano. L’episodio gaullista lo testimonia, così come la successiva costruzione europea. L’episodio gaullista esprime il tentativo dell’imperialismo francese di riconquistare un punto d’appoggio giocando un ruolo “tra i due grandi”, mentre la costruzione dell’Europa rappresenta lo stesso obiettivo, questa volta cercando di diventare la potenza dominante dell’Unione Europea.
Quest’ultima speranza è stata infranta dalla riunificazione tedesca, che ha rovesciato l’equilibrio di potere in Europa a favore di Berlino. Il carattere secondario dell’imperialismo francese è stato così rafforzato dalla riunificazione tedesca. Il futuro e il posto dell’imperialismo francese dipendono ora dalla costruzione di un nuovo super–imperialismo: quello europeo.
Questo futuro e questo spazio sono oggetto di confronti e contraddizioni tra i paesi europei e in particolare tra Francia, Germania e Regno Unito. In questa lotta spietata, gli unici veri punti di forza che la Francia possiede sono il suo legame storico speciale con l’Africa, la sua esperienza di interventi militari e gli effetti a catena sulla produzione di armi, il suo “giardino privato” riprodotto dal sistema Françafrique, ecc.
Il carattere secondario dell’imperialismo francese è precisamente il fattore che lo trasforma nel gendarme dell’Africa, il cui ultimo avatar è la guerra contro la Libia e i suoi effetti caotici, che continuano ancora oggi.
La frequenza degli interventi militari francesi in Africa non deriva da pseudo “legami storici”, un cosiddetto “destino comune” o un bisogno comune di combattere il “terrorismo jihadista”. Si spiega con il fatto che l’Africa è l’ultimo bene francese a negoziare un posto nell’equilibrio di potere tra le potenze imperialiste.
François Mitterrand ne parlava già nel 1957: “Il mondo africano non avrà un centro di gravità se si limita alle sue frontiere geografiche. […] Dire ai nostri alleati che questo è il nostro dominio riservato […] perché senza l’Africa non ci sarà la storia della Francia nel XXI secolo […] la Francia rimane quella che guida, quella di cui abbiamo bisogno, quella a cui siamo legati” [2].
Cinquant’anni dopo Jacques Chirac gli fa eco: “Senza l’Africa, la Francia scenderà al rango di una potenza di terza categoria” [3].
L’aggravamento contemporaneo della crisi dell’imperialismo francese
Un semplice sguardo all’evoluzione delle importazioni ed esportazioni dell’Africa negli ultimi decenni mostra la perdita dell’influenza economica francese ed europea sul continente.
I dati UNCTAD (Conferenza delle Nazioni Unite sul commercio e lo sviluppo) indicano che l’Unione Europea rappresentava il 48,2% delle esportazioni africane nel 1995 e il 33,2% nel 2019. Dichiarano anche che il 43% delle importazioni africane proveniva dall’Europa nel 1995 rispetto al 29,9% nel 2019 [4].
Per quanto riguarda la posizione della Francia, un rapporto di Hervé Gaymard (prodotto per il Ministero dell’Europa e degli Affari Esteri) usa l’espressione “declino relativo” per descrivere l’evoluzione del commercio tra la Francia e il continente. Quest’ultimo, dal titolo significativo – “Rilanciare la presenza economica francese in Africa: l’urgenza di un’ambizione collettiva a lungo termine” – riassume la situazione come segue:
“Il declino relativo della presenza economica francese nel continente africano è massiccio e improvviso. Questo declino relativo è molto chiaro: la quota di mercato della Francia in Africa si è divisa per due dal 2001, da quasi il 12% a circa il 6% […]. Questo declino relativo è tanto più spettacolare in quanto il peso della Francia nel commercio totale di merci con l’Africa è rimasto intorno al 15% dal 1970 ai primi anni 2000” [5].
Il rapporto sottolinea anche che il declino della quota di mercato francese è particolarmente marcato nell’Africa francofona (dal 25% nel 2000 al 15% nel 2017). Uno studio della COFACE (Compagnia francese di assicurazioni per il commercio estero) del 2019 precisa che tutti i grandi settori di esportazione, ad eccezione dell’aeronautica, sono colpiti da questo “declino relativo”: macchinari, apparecchi elettrici, prodotti farmaceutici, automobili, grano [6], ecc.
La perdita di quote di mercato, secondo questo studio, proviene “dall’ascesa fulminea della Cina […] In Africa occidentale, la svolta della Cina è ancora più notevole se si include Hong Kong, che si è affermata come attore principale con guadagni di quote di mercato dell’ordine di 10 punti” [7].
Diverse soglie simboliche sono state superate: la Cina ha sostituito la Francia come primo esportatore in Africa nel 2007 e la Germania ha sostituito la Francia come primo esportatore europeo nel 2017.
Questi pochi dati mettono in evidenza che molti paesi africani hanno approfittato del contesto della “globalizzazione” e della multilateralizzazione del mondo che l’accompagna per lasciare la costrizione del faccia a faccia con l’ex potenza coloniale. Hanno diversificato il loro commercio affidandosi ai cosiddetti paesi “emergenti”, e in particolare alla Cina, per allentare la camicia di forza del rapporto di dipendenza caratteristico del colonialismo e del neocolonialismo.
Hanno attuato la logica della “concorrenza libera e senza distorsioni” della globalizzazione capitalista, mettendola contro uno dei suoi principali promotori: la classe dirigente francese.
Le reazioni non si sono fatte attendere. Hanno preso molte forme. In primo luogo, hanno preso la forma di varie campagne ideologiche (la Cina e gli uiguri, la scarsa qualità dei prodotti cinesi, il nuovo imperialismo cinese, ecc.), il cui denominatore comune è quello di demonizzare gli attuali concorrenti delle imprese francesi in Africa.
Hanno poi preso la forma di promesse politiche di riforme a tutto campo delle relazioni franco-africane: promesse di porre fine alla Françafrique, riconoscimento eufemistico dei massacri coloniali, il discorso “responsabile ma non colpevole” sul genocidio in Ruanda, l’annuncio della riforma del franco CFA per sostituirlo con l’ECO, ecc.
Infine, hanno preso la forma di un cambiamento della dottrina militare per combattere il “terrorismo”.
Cumulativamente, queste diverse reazioni sottolineano la portata della crisi attuale dell’imperialismo francese, che è stato declassato più che mai al rango di imperialismo secondario e rischia di perdere la sua ultima carta vincente nei negoziati con gli altri imperialismi: il suo “giardino privato” africano.
Il vocabolario del rapporto al ministro degli Affari Esteri (“declino relativo”, “massiccio e improvviso”, “spettacolare”, “emergenza”, ecc.) è significativo dell’importanza di questa crisi che porta a una diagnosi di allarme che porta molti pericoli per la pace nel continente africano.
Lo stesso periodo che ha visto svolgersi questo “declino relativo” è stato anche caratterizzato da un cambiamento nella dottrina militare francese.
Il Libro Bianco della Difesa del 2013 è quindi preoccupato per “l’aumento del potere dei paesi emergenti, in particolare quello di Brasile, India e Cina”. Avverte che questi nuovi concorrenti “non sono più limitati ai prodotti energetici e alle materie prime”.
Mette anche in guardia sull’attivismo del concorrente americano nel continente: “[Gli Stati Uniti] continuano ad essere interessati a questa zona, come dimostra la creazione di un comando specializzato – Africom”.
Ha poi dedotto da questa diagnosi le priorità strategiche della difesa verso “il Sahel, dalla Mauritania al Corno d’Africa, così come una parte dell’Africa subsahariana [che] sono anche zone di interesse prioritario per la Francia, a causa di una storia comune, la presenza di cittadini francesi, le poste in gioco che portano e le minacce che devono affrontare”.
Infine, conclude che è necessario un intervento militare diretto più forte, più duraturo e più frequente in queste “zone strategiche”: “L’evoluzione del contesto strategico potrebbe portare il nostro paese a dover prendere l’iniziativa nelle operazioni, o ad assumere, più spesso che in passato, una parte sostanziale delle responsabilità implicate nella condotta dell’azione militare” [8].
Un altro asse essenziale del Libro Bianco della Difesa del 2013 è il rafforzamento della produzione di armi presentato come uno degli asset importanti delle capacità di difesa francesi. Questa produzione, ricordiamo, ha bisogno di guerre per mantenersi.
Alle fiere dove si negoziano i contratti di vendita di armi tra gli Stati, l’industria francese può presentare come argomenti di vendita dei prodotti di esperimenti pratici in Africa. Gli enormi profitti dell’industria delle armi hanno bisogno di guerre vere per essere realizzati.
Nel 2020, la Francia è il terzo esportatore di armi al mondo con l’8,2% delle esportazioni mondiali. Allo stesso modo, le esportazioni francesi sono aumentate del 44% tra il 2016 e il 2020 [9]. I profitti dei grandi gruppi francesi sono logicamente sbalorditivi: Thales (8,56 miliardi di euro nel 2018); il gruppo Naval (3,81 miliardi); Safran (2,93 miliardi); Dassault (2,65 miliardi); la Commissione dell’energia atomica (2,08 miliardi); ecc [10].
Il fatto che l’imperialismo francese sia effettivamente in crisi e in “declino relativo” non significa che sia meno attivo e meno aggressivo. Al contrario, la messa in sicurezza delle fonti di materie prime e delle quote di mercato delle imprese francesi da un lato e la necessità di promuovere la sua industria di armi dall’altro danno luogo a un crescente attivismo di ingerenza militare, di cui gli ultimi eventi africani sono solo le manifestazioni evidenti.
La fabbricazione del consenso pubblico
La crisi e il “declino relativo” dell’imperialismo francese, così come l’attivismo di ingerenza militare che ne consegue, si svolgono tuttavia in una particolare sequenza storica caratterizzata da un massiccio aumento della pauperizzazione e della precarizzazione, un aumento della rabbia e della protesta sociale, una crisi di legittimità del potere statale senza precedenti da molti decenni.
Dal movimento dei Gilets Jaunes al movimento contro la riforma delle pensioni, dalle manifestazioni di massa contro i crimini della polizia all’opposizione alla Loi Sécurité Globale, dal lungo sciopero dei netturbini a quelli altrettanto lunghi dei sans-papiers di Chronopost o delle femmes de chambre dell’hotel Ibis a Batignolles, ecc., ciò che si esprime sempre di più è una distanza e una rottura della maggioranza della popolazione dal discorso ufficiale di legittimazione del neoliberalismo e della sua inevitabile austerità.
Il processo di fascistizzazione che abbiamo descritto nei nostri ultimi articoli è una risposta sia a questa situazione nell’esagonale, sia alla necessità di preparare un’opinione pubblica che sia almeno indifferente a questi interventi militari francesi (costosi per la nazione, ma redditizi per i monopoli delle armi) e nel migliore dei casi favorevole.
È per questo che una logica di politicizzazione di estrema destra della vita politica francese è stata dispiegata dal governo stesso: la nomina di Gérard Darmanin, la promozione del tema ideologico del separatismo e della legge sul separatismo, la promozione del tema della sicurezza come polo centrale della campagna presidenziale, ecc.
Questa logica strumentale dello Stato è stata rafforzata dai recenti cambiamenti nel paesaggio audiovisivo che, con lo sviluppo di canali come CNews, hanno come caratteristica principale la diffusione di un discorso di “declino e rinascita”, che è uno dei tratti identificativi dell’estrema destra e del fascismo.
E’ stata rafforzata dalla logica di escalation della galassia fascista e/o identitaria che tiene lo stesso discorso di “declino e rinascita” a livello generale e all’interno di certe istituzioni in particolare (esercito, polizia, ecc.).
Se ognuno fa qui la sua parte per i propri interessi, il risultato complessivo è la progressiva riunione delle condizioni di possibilità di una sequenza fascista, non più come ipotesi lontana, ma come prospettiva di risposta a breve termine al “declino relativo” nazionale e internazionale.
Naturalmente non siamo ancora arrivati a questo punto ed esistono ancora altre opzioni per la classe dirigente. Tuttavia, innegabilmente il contesto ideologico promosso, così come gli sviluppi legislativi in materia di sicurezza, costituiscono ingredienti di una soluzione fascista della crisi, soprattutto se non limitiamo quest’ultima alla sola figura del Rassemblement National e di Marine Le Pen.
Come abbiamo sottolineato nei nostri precedenti articoli, il fascismo contemporaneo non si modella necessariamente in abiti antichi. Non sfila necessariamente con una camicia marrone e può benissimo acclimatarsi a “giacca e cravatta” e persino a “jeans e capelli lunghi”.
Di fronte a questo contesto nazionale e internazionale, siamo costretti a notare una debolezza ideologica nelle risposte. Diciamo ideologico perché la debolezza quantitativa è, secondo noi, solo una delle conseguenze della debolezza ideologica.
Senza essere esaustivi, si possono citare almeno tre elementi di debolezza strutturale dell’opposizione alla fascistizzazione.
Il primo è l’analisi del razzismo come fenomeno individuale che impedisce di cogliere la sua dimensione strutturale, come dimostrano le polemiche all’interno della stessa “i” sul “razzismo di Stato”, il “razzismo anti-bianco”, la “violenza sistemica della polizia”, ecc.
Il secondo è il mito della République e l’essenzializzazione delle conquiste politiche storiche (laicità, principio di uguaglianza tra uomini e donne, divieto di discriminazione giuridica sulla base dell’origine, ecc.) come caratteristiche dell’”identità francese”, come dimostra la difficoltà di constatare il reale sviluppo dell’islamofobia in Francia, di opporsi radicalmente alla legge sul separatismo, o di chiedere la regolarizzazione di tutti gli immigrati clandestini.
Il terzo è infine la sottovalutazione della dimensione antimperialista nella considerazione dei rapporti di forza tra le classi sociali, come dimostra la drammatica assenza di mobilitazioni contro le guerre condotte dall’esercito francese in generale e in Africa in particolare.
La negazione del razzismo come modo di gestire i rapporti di classe, la persistenza di una visione idealista della République e della Nation, e la debolezza dell’antimperialismo sono le tre fonti politiche della debolezza della resistenza antifascista oggi.
Note
[1] Lenin, Imperialismo, lo stadio supremo del capitalismo, Edizioni Sociali, Parigi, 1971, p. 124.
[2] François Mitterrand, Présence française et abandon, Plon, Parigi, 1957, citato in Abdoulaye Diarra, La gauche française et l’Afrique subsaharienne, Karthala, Parigi, 2014, p.258.
[3] Citato in Philippe Leymarie, Malessere nella cooperazione tra Francia e Africa, Le Monde Diplomatique, giugno 2002, pp. 18-19.
[4] Jacques Berthelot, L’extraversion croissante et suicidaire des échanges de l’Afrique, 8 giugno 2021, mimeo.
[5] Hervé Gaymard, Relancer la présence économique française en Afrique: l’urgence d’une ambition collective à long terme, Ministère de l’Europe, des Affaires Etrangères, aprile 2019, p. 15.
[6] Coface, Course aux parts de marché en Afrique: l’échappée française reprise par le peloton européen, Les publications économiques de COFACE, giugno 2018, p. 5.
[7] Ibidem, p. 10.
[8] Livre Blanc: Défense et sécurité nationale 2013, Direction de l’information légale et administrative, Parigi, 2013, pp. 27-29, p. 40, p.54-55 e p.83.
[9] Autore anonimo, Défense: bond des exportations d’armes de la France, Capital, 15 marzo 2021, disponibile sul sito capital.fr.
[10] Rémi Amalvy, Con le sue sei maggiori imprese del settore, la Francia è il quarto venditore di armi al mondo, L’usine nouvelle, 9 dicembre 2019, disponibile sul sito usinenouvelle.com.
* sociologo, membro del Front Uni des Immigrations et des Quartiers Populaires (FUIQP), autore del libro “Figures de la révolution africain. De Kenyatta à Sankara” (La Découverte, 2017) e “L’affaire Georges Ibrahim Abdallah” (Premiers matins de novembre, 2021). Traduzione dell’articolo pubblicato in francese sul suo blog.
(Traduzione di Contropiano)
Fonte: L’Antidiplomatico
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