Di Thomas Fazi (Economista)
Molti si chiedono quale sarà la filosofia di politica economica a cui si ispirerà il nascente governo Draghi.
Diversi commentatori – basandosi su un’interpretazione assolutamente fallace dell’operato di Draghi alla BCE (l’idea che le politiche monetarie espansive rappresentino una politica “keynesiana”); su un suo ormai celebre articolo di qualche mese fa sul Financial Times, in cui Draghi ha sdoganato il debito pubblico (quello “buono”); e in alcuni casi, persino tirando in ballo i suoi studi con uno dei più grandi economisti keynesiani del secolo scorso, Federico Caffè – sembrano convinti che Draghi si muoverà nel solco di una politica sostanzialmente espansiva, addirittura, appunto, “keynesiana”.
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Insomma, una politica opposta a quella austeritaria di Monti. Ma è lo stesso Draghi a smentire queste previsioni ireniche nella sua ultima uscita pubblica, ovvero il recentissimo rapporto sulle politiche post-COVID redatto dal G30 – ufficialmente un think tank, fondato su iniziativa della Rockefeller Foundation nel 1978, che fornisce consulenza su questioni di economia monetaria e internazionale, secondo molti un centro di lobbying dell’alta finanza – presieduto proprio da Draghi insieme a Raghuram Rajan, ex governatore della banca centrale indiana.
In esso si dice chiaramente che i governi non dovrebbero sprecare soldi per sostenere le aziende che purtroppo sono destinate al fallimento, definite nel rapporto “aziende zombie” – pensiamo per esempio, per quello che riguarda l’Italia, alle centinaia di migliaia di negozi e di esercizi pubblici messi in ginocchio dalla pandemia e dalle relative misure di contenimento della stessa e solo parzialmente puntellati dagli insufficienti “ristori” del governo –, ma dovrebbero piuttosto assecondare la “distruzione creativa” del libero mercato, lasciando queste aziende al loro destino e favorendo lo spostamento dei lavoratori verso le imprese virtuose che continueranno a essere redditizie e che si svilupperanno dopo la crisi.
La tesi di fondo è che il mercato debba essere lasciato libero di agire (perché più efficiente del settore pubblico) e che i governi dovrebbero limitarsi a intervenire solo in presenza di conclamati «fallimenti del mercato» – concetto intrinsecamente liberista che sta a indicare una deviazione rispetto alla normale “efficienza” del mercato –, mentre laddove è un’impresa a fallire per il “naturale” operato del mercato, lo Stato non dovrebbe mettersi di traverso.
Nel documento del G30 ci si concentra anche sul mercato del lavoro, scrivendo che «i governi dovrebbero incoraggiare aggiustamenti nel mercato del lavoro […] che richiederanno che alcuni lavoratori dovranno cambiare azienda o settore, con appropriati percorsi di riqualificazione e assistenza economica». Il messaggio è chiaro: i governi non dovrebbero cercare di impedire le espulsioni di forza-lavoro dalle aziende destinate al fallimento, come in Italia e in diversi altri paesi si è tentato finora di fare, in parte, con il blocco dei licenziamenti (in scadenza a marzo) e il largo ricorso alla cassa integrazione. Piuttosto, dovrebbero assecondare e agevolare questo processo per permettere al mercato di provvedere ad una “efficiente” allocazione di risorse (tra cui gli esseri umani).
Come nota l’economista Emiliano Brancaccio, siamo di fronte a «una visione “schumpeteriana” in salsa liberista che rischia di lasciare per strada una marea di disoccupati», nonché a gettare nella disperazione centinaia di migliaia imprenditori piccoli e medi. Altro che Keynes (o Caffè!): la visione di economia e di società incarnata nel documento del G30 – e implicitamente sposata da Draghi – sembra ricordare l’ideologia liberista degli albori, giustamente messa in soffitta in seguito al secondo conflitto mondiale, in cui i rapporti sociali, la vita delle persone, l’essenza stessa della società venivano subordinati ad un unico principio regolatore, quello del mercato. Trattasi di una visione non solo esecrabile dal punto di vista etico e morale, ma anche falsa: non esiste un mercato che opera “esternamente” allo Stato, in base a una sua logica autoregolante, rispetto al quale lo Stato può decidere se intervenire o meno; i mercati, al contrario, sono sempre un prodotto della cornice legale, economica e sociale creata dallo Stato.
In altre parole, non c’è nulla di “naturale” nel fatto che una certa azienda fallisca piuttosto che un’altra. Se oggi le piccole attività rischiano la chiusura, mentre le grandi multinazionali macinano profitti da capogiro, è unicamente una conseguenza del fatto che come società ci siamo dati un principio organizzativo – che Draghi oggi punta a rafforzare – che privilegia le grandi imprese private rispetto alle piccole attività. Ma si tratta, appunto, di una scelta politica.
Inutile dire che la visione di società del G30 e di Draghi è letteralmente agli antipodi della visione di Keynes e di Caffè – nonché di quella incarnata nella nostra Costituzione, che si appresta ad essere nuovamente stuprata – secondo cui il compito dello Stato è quello di dominare e governare i mercati, e l’opera distruttiva degli stessi, subordinandoli ad obiettivi di progresso economico, sociale, culturale, umano.
Abbiate almeno la decenza di non accostare i loro nomi a quello di Draghi.
Tratto da: L’Antidiplomatico
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